TRADITIONAL LAND USE BY THE ASHÃNINKA PEOPLE OF WESTERN AMAZONIA
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.37856/bja.v93i3.3386Resumo
The depreciation of the traditional production systems and consequent cultural de-characterization of indigenous societies with the standardization of agriculture make urgent to understand their land use systems. The information collected has the potential to lead for more sustainable land-use-systems without imposing technological packages. The objective of the present work was to document the production systems and territorial use practiced by the Asháninka people in the Peruvian Amazon. Two agricultural systems are practiced: slash and burn, and sandbank- seasonal cultivation of areas along the rivers. Hunting, fishing, and collection of native fruits complement their subsistence diet. The slash-and-burn agriculture is performed on small plots, up to 2 ha, of forest land mainly in secondary regeneration (purma – in the Asháninka language) due to ease of management. The fallow period is short (5 years) which may be leading to soil impoverishment. Studies of nutrient cycling will be necessary to evaluate the impact. There is a need for studies to improve traditional farming systems considering not only the potential gains in productivity, but also the maintenance of their cultural identity.Referências
ACRE Secretaria de Estado de Meio Ambiente do Acre, 2010. Revista Povos IndÃgenas no Acre. Rio Branco: Biblioteca da Floresta - Fundação de Cultura e Comunicação Elias Mansour.
Amelibia, L.B. 2013. Los sistemas agriÌcolas indiÌgenas del Amazonas: Una alternativa agroecoloÌgica. Interethnic@-Revista de estudos em relações interétnicas. 3(1):1-7.
Andreae, B. 1980. The economics of tropical agriculture. Farnham Royal, Slough. U.K.: Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux.
Attiwill, P.M. 1994. The disturbance of forest ecosystems: the ecological basis for conservative management. Forest Ecology and Management. 63(2-3):247-300.
Beniest, J.,S. Franzel, and F. Place. 1993. Diagnosis & Design - training exercise book: for Embu – Kenya. Nairobi. ICRAF.
Brady, N.C. 1996. Alternatives to slash-and-burn: a global imperative. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment. 58 (1):3-11.
Cairns M.F. (ed), 2015. Shifting cultivation and environmental change: indigenous people, agriculture and forest conservation. Routledge/Earthscan/Taylor and Francis, Oxford.
Chao, S. 2012. Forest Peoples: numbers across the world. Forest Peoples Programme, Ed. Moreton-on-Marsh. United Kingdom.
Cornejo Arana, C., and S. Mateo. 2006. Estrategia regional de la diversidad biológica de Ucayali. Punto Focal Regional de Ucayali. IIAP. Lima, Perú.
Conklin, H.C. 1957. Hanunoo agriculture: a report on an integral system of shifting cultivation in the Philippines. Rome: FAO Forestry Development. (FAO Forestry Development Paper 12).
FAO. 2011. Forest for improved food security and nutrition report. Rome: FAO. Available at: <http://www.fao.org/docrep/014/i2011e/i2011e00.pdf>. (accessed Feb. 8th, 2017).
FUNAI - Fundação Nacional do Ãndio. 2013. Quem São? Available at: <http://www.funai.gov.br/index.php/indios-no-brasil/quem-sao?limitstart=0#>. Accessed on October 24th, 2013.
Gazell, A.C.F., C.A. Righi, J.L. Stape, and O.C. Campoe. 2012. Tree species richness, does it play a key role on a forest restoration plantation? Bosque. 33 (3):245-248.
Harris, D.R. 1972. The origins of agriculture in the tropics. American Scientist. 60(2):180-193.
ICAA - Iniciativa para la Conservación en la AmazonÃa Andina. 2015. Perú Amazonico, Lima. Available at: < https://amazoniaandina.wordpress.com> (accessed: Jun. 20th, 2015).
INEI - Instituto Nacional de EstadÃstica e Informática. 2015. Perú: sÃnteses estadÃsticas. INEI. Peru. Available at: <https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1292/libro.pdf>. (accessed: Feb. 21st, 2017).
INRENA - Instituto Nacional de Recursos Naturales. 2005. Parque Nacional Alto Purus: Plan Maestro 2005 – 2010. Lima: INRENA.
Iversen, J. 1956. Forest Clearance in the Stone Age. Scientific American. 194(3):36-41.
Kitaka, M.M. 1991. Etnografia Preliminar dos Ashaninka da Amazônia brasileira. p. 162-170 Master’s Thesis in Anthropology – State University of Campinas.
Lanly, J.P. 1982. Tropical Forest Resources. Rome: FAO. (FAO Forestry Paper, 30).
Lawrence, D., D. Astiani, M. Syazhaman-Karwur, and I. FiorentinoI. 2007. Alternative fallow management under shifting cultivation: does tree diversity affect soil fertility? In: Voices from the forest: integrating indigenous knowledge into sustainable upland farming, edited by M.F. Cairns. Resources for the future. Washington, D.C. Chapter 42. pp. 509-521.
Mayor, A.P., and R.E. Bodmer. 2009. Pueblos IndÃgenas de la AmazonÃa Peruana. Iquito: Centro de Estudios Teológicos de la AmazonÃa.
Mukul S.A., J. Herbohn , and J. Firn. 2016. Tropical secondary forests regenerating after shifting cultivation in the Philippines uplands are important carbon sinks. Scientific Reports. 6:22483 DOI: 10.1038/srep22483.
Newton, P., D.C. Miller, M.A.A. Byenkya, and A. Agrawal. 2016. Who are forest-dependent people? A taxo nomy to aid livelihood and land use decision-making in forested regions. Land Use Policy. 57:388–395.
Noordwijk, M., V. Bizard. P. Wangpakapattanawong, H.L. Tata, G.B. Villamor, and B. Leimona. 2014. Tree cover transitions and food security in Southeast Asia. Global Food Security. 3(3-4):200-208.
Nye, P.H., and D.J. Greenland. 1960, The soil under shifting cultivation. Harpenden, UK: Commonwealth Bureau of Soils. (Technical communications, 51).
Padoch, C., J. Chota Inuma, W. De Jong, and J. Unruh. 1985. Amazonian agroforestry: a market-oriented system in Peru. Agroforestry Systems. 3(1):47-58.
Pedroso Jr., N.N., R.S.S. Murrieta, and C. Adans. 2008. A agricultura de corte e queima: um sistema em transformação. Boletim do Museu do Pará EmÃlio Goeldi. Belém. 3(2):153-174.
Peralta, P. 2004. Socioeconomic Evaluation of indigenous communal carpentries in the Peruvian Amazon. 100p. Master’s Thesis in Tropical Conservation – University of Florida.
Peroni, N., and P.S. Martins. 1999. Biodiversidade e Dinâmica evolutiva de espécies cultivadas em roças de agricultura tradicional em áreas de Mata Atlântica. Scientia Agricola. 56(3):587-595.
Pitman, R., N. Pitman, and P. Alvarez. 2013. Alto Purus: Biodiversidad, conservación y manejo. Lima: Center for Tropical Conservation.
Righi, C.A. 2015. Sistemas Agroflorestais: definição e perspectivas. In: Cadernos da Disciplina de Sistemas Agroflorestais, editted by Righi, C.A., and M.S. Bernardes. ESALQ. Piracicaba-SP. Chapter 1. pp. 1-6. (Série Difusão, 1).
Soria, C.M., and S.E. Casanto. 2002. Arte y cultura del monte: Asháninka del Perené. Lima: Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos.
van Vliet, N., O. Mertz, A. Heinimann, T. Langanke, U. Pascual, B. Schmook, C. Adams,D. Schmidt-Vogt, P. Messerli, S. Leisz, J.C. Castella, L. Jørgensen, T. Birch-Thomsen, C. Hett, T. Bech-Bruun, A. Ickowitz, K.C. Vu, K. Yasuyuki, J. Fox, C. Padoch, W. Dressler, and A.D. Ziegler. 2012. Trends, drivers and impacts of changes in swidden cultivation in tropical forest-agriculture frontiers: a global assessment. Global Environmental Change. 22:418-429.
Vinceti, B., A. Ickowitz, B. Powell, K. Kehlenbeck, C. Termote, B. Cogill, and D. Hunter. 2013. The contributions of forest foods to sustainable diets. Unasylva. 64(241):54-64.
Vira, B., C. Wildburger, and S. Mansourian. 2015. Forests, trees and landscapes for food security and nutrition: a global assessment report. Vienna. IUFRO. 172 p. (World Series, 33).
White, D., S.J. Velarde, J.C. Alegre, T.P. Tomich. 2005. Alternatives to Slash-and-Burn (ASB) in Peru: Summary Report and Synthesis of Phase II. Nairobi, Kenya: Alternatives to Slash-and-Burn Programme. 152 p. Available at: <http://www.asb.cgiar.org/PDFwebdocs/White_et_al_2005_ASB-Peru.pdf>. Accessed on October 2nd, 2015.
ZEE-OT Zonificación Ecológica Económica-Ordenamiento Territorial. 2005. Gobierno Regional de Ucayali. Peru. Available at: <http://siar.regionucayali.gob.pe/tematica/zonificacion-ecologica-economica-zee> Accessed on September 10th, 2015.
